Identification of urinary metabolites in rats administered the fluorine-containing pyrethroids metofluthrin,profluthrin, and transfluthrin

The major metabolites in urine of rats administered the fluorine-containing pyrethroids transfluthrin, profluthrin, and metofluthrin, which are used widely recently as mosquito repellents or mothproof repellents, were identified to establish biological indexes for evaluating the absorption amounts of these pyrethroids in the general population. A single dose of 300?mg?kg^?1 body weight of each pyrethroid was separately administered intraperitoneally to male Sprague-Dawley rats and urine samples were collected until 24 hours after the administration. The metabolites identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry were as follows: 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol, 2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid, and 3-(2,2-dichlorovinyl)-2,2-dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid (DCCA) for transfluthrin; 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol, 4-methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid, 4-hydroxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol (HOCH₂–FB–Al), and 2,2-dimethyl-3-(1-propenyl)-cyclopropanecarboxylic acid (MCA) for profluthrin; 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzyl alcohol, HOCH₂–FB–Al and MCA for metofluthrin. In addition, several compounds estimated to be metabolites were detected as follows: hydroxylated DCCA and its lactone for transfluthrin; 4-hydroxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid (HOCH₂–FB–Ac), hydroxylated MCA and its lactone for profluthrin; 4-methoxymethyl-2,3,5,6-tetrafluorobenzoic acid, HOCH₂–FB–Ac, hydroxylated MCA, and its lactone for metofluthrin. The pyrethroids administered underwent metabolic reactions such as ester hydrolysis and oxidation, and most of the metabolites were excreted as their conjugates into urine. These findings should be useful as basic data for evaluating the health effects of exposure to pyrethroids for the general population.     

Protective effects of honey against cadmium-induced alteration of some biochemical parameters in rats

The objective of this study is to elucidate on the effect of honey on plasma and organ biochemical parameters of albino rats exposed to acute and sub-chronic dose of cadmium chloride. Uric acid levels, activities of plasma lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities, organ (liver, lungs, and kidney) AST, ALT, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) were determined. Plasma uric acid and glucose levels, plasma LDH, AST, and ALT activities were significantly decreased; activities of organ SOD, CAT, AST, and ALT activities were increased in rats administered sub-chronically and acutely with cadmium (Cd). Treatment with honey restored their levels to normal.     

Enzymatic and cellular level effects of chromium∗

Exposure of Cr to four hepatic enzymes activities of tilapia, viz. acid‐ and alkaline phosphatases, catalase and glucose‐6‐phosphatase, was contrary to the results obtained for Cd and Ni. This is the only heavy metal investigated thus far that dramatically augmented glucose‐6‐phosphatase by approximately 83% at a concentration of 12 mg L^‐1 in vivo in lieu of the fact of an initial inhibition of approximately 45 % at a lower concentration of Cr; 6 mg L^‐1. In the case of acid phosphatase and catalase activities progressive increment was observed up to 50 and 217% respectively at a concentration of 12 mg L^‐1 Cr. On the other hand, in contrast to all the investigated enzymes interestingly alkaline phosphatase was inhibited continuously at all concentrations up to 46% at 12 mgL^‐1 Cr. In vitro experiments were contrary to the above mentioned results, whereby all hepatic enzymes were inhibited with major inhibition observed for acid phosphatase of approximately 60% from 5 mgL^‐1 Cr onwards in the system.

At cellular level, Cr exposure at a lethal dose of 12 mgL^‐1 demonstrated similar effects to that of Cd. In general, the glycogen and fat reserves were depleted while lysosomal activity is increased. As compared to the effects of Cd, the mitochondria did not indicate any prominent reflection in the formation of intramitochondrial bodies. Further, similar to Cd, the cell membrane as well as nucleus were not affected.     

Metalaxyl—its persistence and metabolism in soil

Different biotic and abiotic factors were found to play a vital role in attenuating metalaxyl residues in soil. In addition to metalaxyl many other products were found by HPLC and GC‐MS analysis while studying its soil metabolism in presence of natural sunlight. Three compounds were identified and characterized: 2,6‐dimethylaniline, 2,6‐dimethyl‐N‐ethylacetanilide and N‐(2,6‐dimethyl phenyl) alanine methyl ester.     

运动及不同浓度PM2.5滴注对大鼠糖代谢部分酶活性的影响

为了探讨一次性递增负荷运动及不同浓度细颗粒物(PM2.5)暴露对大鼠己糖激酶(hexokinase,HK)-丙酮酸激酶(pyruvatekinase,PK)及异柠檬酸脱氢酶(isocitratedehydrogenase,IDH)活性影响的机制,将30只雄性Wistar SPF(Specific Pathogen Free,SPF)大鼠随机分为安静(QC)、运动对照组(EC)、低剂量PM2.5+运动组(LPE)、中剂量PM2.5+运动组(MPE)、高剂量PM2.5+运动组(HPE),采用一次性气管滴注染毒后进行递增负荷跑台训练,并通过酶联免疫法(enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay,ELISA)测定大鼠血清及肝脏组织HK,PK,IDH活性。结果表明,与安静组相比,运动对照组HK,PK酶活性下降,IDH活性升高,差异有统计学意义(p0.01)。和EC组相比,LPE,MPE,HPE组各组织中HK,PK,IDH活性均下降,差异有统计学意义(p0.05或p0.01)。实验表明,运动可以降低大鼠的HK,PK活性而增强IDH活性;随着浓度的增加,HK,PK,IDH活性与PM2.5暴露剂量具有相关性降低。     

蒽在黑麦草体内的代谢作用

以黑麦草(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)为供试植物,采用水培试验方法,研究了植物对蒽的代谢作用,并分析了其代谢产物.结果表明,经蒽培养液处理96h并转入无蒽培养液培养后0~16d,黑麦草体内蒽的含量由0.760mg/kg降为0.147mg/kg,减少80.6%,主要为植物所代谢;根部是代谢蒽的主要部位;蒽的一级代谢产物为蒽醌和蒽酮,0~16d,蒽酮在黑麦草体内总体上呈积累态势,而蒽醌则会被进一步代谢,蒽醌和蒽酮可以由根系向培养液中释放,也可由根向茎叶传输;黑麦草对蒽酮和蒽醌的传输系数(TF)分别为0.796~1.285和0.239~0.653,蒽酮更易在黑麦草体内传输.     

环境内分泌干扰物炔雌醇的危害、污水处理厂去除及微生物降解研究进展

综述了炔雌醇(EE2)的主要危害以及国内外城市污水处理厂对其的处理能力,指出现有污水处理厂对EE2的去除效率仍较低,微生物降解是去除EE2等类固醇雌激素的主要途径。总结了EE2微生物降解的代表性研究成果,重点分析了EE2在异养代谢降解、硝化共代谢降解、异养共代谢降解、微生物协同降解和降解功能基因等方面的研究进展,提出共代谢是EE2的主要去除机制,未来可开展微生物学共代谢机制研究,以提升EE2的去除效率,有效控制水生态和健康风险。     

光质对小球藻(Chlorella sorokiniana)生长和代谢机制的调控

为研究光质对小球藻(Chlorella sorokiniana)生长和代谢机制的影响,分析了不同光质下C. sorokiniana的生长情况,利用Illumina平台进行转录组测序.结果表明:红､蓝光是C. sorokiniana生长的有效光质,红､蓝光培养7d后藻细胞密度分别比白光对照组的高52.96%和61.11%.C. sorokiniana在不同光质下具有独特的生理特性,蓝光组Chl a､Chl b和Car最高,分别为(17.84±0.26), (8.39±0.19), (6.04±0.08) mg/L;红光培养7d后微藻的碳水化合物和脂质含量最高,分别达到了(115.60±1.81)μg/mg和(18.64±0.54)%.通过转录组测序分析,不同光质下C. sorokiniana的基因表达存在差异,红光下碳酸酐酶､乙酰辅酶A羧化酶和脂肪酸合成酶的基因表达量较高,差异表达的基因大部分参与了脂肪酸合成和碳固定过程;蓝光下RubisCO酶的基因表达量最高且光合系统中富集的差异基因均上调表达,光合速率和碳固定速率最快;绿光下微藻大部分的基因表达量较低,新陈代谢潜能较差;白光下C. sorokiniana的TCA循环活跃,不利于储存碳水化合物和脂质.     

Regional water flows – Assessing opportunities for sustainable management

Sustainable water management may strongly benefit from an integrated approach. Additionally, an integrated urban water management policy considering the various urban water flows and the possible interactions between the water sector and the remaining urban activities can benefit if based on an urban metabolism based analysis. This article assesses water flows of Lisbon Metropolitan Area considering the conventional water supply system and wastewater treatment system flows and also the hydrological cycle flows, and proposes a global set of indicators to perform a benchmarking analysis of the 18 municipalities of the region. Results highlighted the heterogeneous nature of the Metropolitan area in terms of water management – either in terms of management entities (predominantly public or municipalized), water consumption (varying from 227.4 l/hab.day in Palmela to 402.7 l/hab.day in Seixal), wastewater treatment (10 out of 18 municipalities already undergo secondary or tertiary wastewater treatments), runoff indices (depending on the municipality's level of urbanization), among other. Through the output volumes it was also assessed the potential of the municipalities to reuse wastewater for potable or non-potable urban uses, as well as the potential to harvest and harness rainwater. The main constraints to an integrated water management were identified and some potential solutions were measured and proposed even though they need further assessment, particularly in a cost-benefit perspective.     

PM10短期暴露对人群空腹血糖和血脂的影响

为探析PM₁₀短期暴露对不同糖代谢水平人群空腹血糖和血脂的影响,以“金昌队列”为研究平台,收集金昌市2011~2017年污染物数据及气象数据.采用近邻模型完成个体PM₁₀暴露评估.运用广义估计方程分析PM₁₀对血糖和血脂指标的影响.采用广义相加混合模型绘制暴露-反应关系曲线.结果表明,PM₁₀浓度每增加一个四分位数间距,空腹血糖(FPG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)分别升高0.58mg/dL (95% CI:0.35,0.82)、0.38mg/dL (95% CI:0.25,0.52)、0.44mg/dL (95% CI:0.31,0.57)和0.34mg/dL (95% CI:0.29,0.40),甘油三酯(TG)降低0.67mg/dl (95% CI:-0.86,-0.47).随着PM₁₀浓度升高,FPG、TC、LDL-C和HDL-C均呈上升趋势,TG呈下降趋势.PM₁₀对男性、年龄≥60岁者血糖和血脂指标影响更显著.因此,PM₁₀与不同糖代谢状态人群血糖和血脂水平异常密切相关,男性和老年人应加强自身防护.